By Damir Šegon, Denis Vida, Paul Roggemans, David Rollinson and James M. Scott

Abstract: A new meteor shower has been discovered by Global Meteor Network from a radiant at α = 44.0° and δ = –38.3°, with a geocentric velocity of 51.7 ± 1.0 km/s within an activity period 97.3° < λʘ < 105.1° with a maximum at λʘ = 102.78°. The Tisserand parameter relative to Jupiter corresponds to a Long Period-type comet (LPC), in this case on a retrograde orbit. The new meteor shower has been registered in the Working List of Meteor Showers of the IAU MDC with the preliminary designation M2024-N1.

Introduction

The Global Meteor Network radiant map for July 3–4, 2024 (Figure 1) showed a remarkable concentration with a radiant in geocentric equatorial coordinates at α = 44.4° and δ = –38.2° in the constellation of Fornax. No known meteor shower was expected to display any activity from this part of the sky. The possible new meteor shower was noticed immediately when the orbit data were processed.

The method to analyze new meteor shower has been described in Šegon et al. (2023). The first search was done in a narrow observing window 102.3° < λʘ < 103.14° with the data available up to July 6. In first instance 28 similar meteoroid orbits were found which fit the D-criterion DD < 0.06 (Drummond, 1981) for a mean orbit (Jopek et al., 2006) with:

  • q= 0.9887 AU
  • e= 0.9384
  • i = 92.7°
  • ω= 340.87°
  • Ω= 282.86°

Figure 1 – Radiant plot of the Global Meteor Network data for 2024 July 3–4 in Sun-centered geocentric ecliptic coordinates. The new radiant is marked by a red arrow in an area without known meteor showers in the constellation of Fornax.

 

No known meteor shower matches this orbit. Figure 2 shows the activity profile and Figure 3 shows the compact radiant obtained for the initial search. Figure 4 presents the sporadic background near the new meteor shower radiant. Figure 5 is the diagram of the inclination i against the longitude of perihelion Π, confirming the compact nature of this new meteoroid stream.

At this date, July 6, no trace of this new shower was visible in the CAMS data online , and without such an independent confirmation it was decided to collect more data before reporting anything.

Figure 2 – The activity profile for the initial sample of similar orbits.

Figure 3 – The radiant positions in geocentric equatorial coordinates for the 28 meteoroids with similar orbits.

 

Figure 4 – The radiant positions in geocentric equatorial coordinates for the sporadics recorded from this part of the sky, with the new meteor shower radiants marked in grey.

 

Figure 5 – The diagram of the inclination i against the longitude of perihelion Π for the 28 meteoroids with similar orbits.

 

Another search

In order to establish the duration of this possible new meteor shower, a few more days of orbit data were collected before resuming this shower analysis. Another method has been applied to check this new meteor shower (Roggemans et al., 2019). The main difference with the method used for the first search is that three different discrimination criteria are combined in order to have only those orbits which fit different criteria (Drummond, 1981; Southworth and Hawkins, 1963; Jopek, 1993). Instead of using a cutoff value for the D-criteria these values are considered in different classes with different thresholds of similarity. Depending on the dispersion and the type of orbits, the most appropriate threshold of similarity is selected to locate the best fitting mean orbit as a result of an iterative procedure.

Figure 6 – Close up of the radiant points in geocentric equatorial coordinates for the new meteor shower in Fornax.

 

Figure 7 – The radiant distribution in Sun-centered ecliptic geocentric coordinates for the new meteor shower, color coded for the different classes of orbit similarity.

Figure 8 – Close up of the Sun-centered ecliptic geocentric coordinates for the new meteor shower color coded for the geocentric velocity vg.

 

The search resulted in 51 orbits detected within the interval of 100° < λʘ < 104° with a maximum at λʘ = 102.78°. Figure 6 shows the radiant distribution in equatorial coordinates. The radiants for orbits that fall within less strict D-criteria, DD < 0.105 and DD < 0.08 have been plotted too. To limit the risk of contamination by sporadic look-alikes, the mean orbit has been calculated for DD < 0.06. The radiants appear like a concentration amidst the sporadic background. Figure 7 shows the radiant concentration in Sun-centered geocentric ecliptic coordinates, the radiant concentration is very obvious. Figure 8 is a close up of Figure 7, but color coded for the velocity vg.

Figure 9 displays the diagram with the orbital elements inclination i against the longitude of perihelion Π and shows the concentration of very similar orbits, marked with red and yellow dots. Figure 10 is a close up of Figure 9, with the new meteor shower orbits displayed color coded for the geocentric velocity vg. Faster meteoroids have a higher inclination than slower particles.

Similar orbits with DD < 0.06 could be detected during the activity interval of 100° < λʘ < 104° with a maximum at λʘ = 102.78° (Figure 11). The empty intervals are due to a lack of camera coverage in the Southern hemisphere. It is possible that the actual maximum activity occurred slightly before λʘ = 102.78°.

Figure 9 – Diagram of the inclination i against the longitude of perihelion Π for the new meteor shower, color coded for the different classes of similarity.

Figure 10 – Close up of the diagram of the inclination i against the longitude of perihelion Π for the new meteor shower color coded for the geocentric velocity vg.

 

The mean orbit for the 51 members of this new meteor shower has a Tisserand parameter relative to Jupiter of TJ = 0.3 which corresponds to a Long Period-type comet (LPC) orbit, in this case on a retrograde orbit. The mean orbit parameters are listed in Table 1. This is a highly inclined very eccentric orbit probably related to an unknown long period comet.

Checking orbit data from before 2024, GMN had 5 orbits from this new meteor shower with DD < 0.06 in 2022 during the period 100.4° < λʘ < 104.4° and 16 orbits in 2023 during the period 97.3° < λʘ < 105.1°. It should be noted however that the southern hemisphere coverage for Global Meteor Network expanded year after year after 2021. Probably the meteor shower was there but awaited sufficient coverage of the southern sky to be detected. A search through the SonotaCo orbit dataset for 2007–2022 resulted in zero matching orbits, what can be explained by the fact this radiant is out of reach from the northern latitudes of this network.

Figure 11 – The number of shower meteors per 0.2° in Solar longitude, as percentage of the total number of orbits collected during the corresponding time interval, for the different classes of similarity according to the D-criteria.

 

Table 1 – The mean orbit of the possible new meteor shower detected in the constellation of Fornax on July 4, 2024.

M2024-N1
λʘ (°) 102.8
λʘb (°) 100
λʘe (°) 104
αg (°) 44.0 ± 1.6
δg (°) –38.3 ± 1.3
Δαg (°) –
Δδg (°) –
vg (km/s) 51.7 ± 1.0
λ (°) 24.2 ± 2.0
λg – λʘ (°) 281.6 ± 1.8
βg (°) –51.7 ± 1.3
a (A.U.) 18.3
q (A.U.) 0.9880 ± 0.008
e 0.9460 ± 0.056
i (°) 92.7 ± 2.0
ω (°) 340.7 ± 3.0
Ω (°) 282.9 ± 0.8
Π (°) 263.9 ± 3.0
Tj 0.31 ± 0.31
N 51

 

On July 9, the new shower was reported with the required data and lookup table to the IAU MDC, following the official guidelines. On July 15, the IAU confirmed the GMN discovery and gave the new meteor shower a preliminary designation M2024-N1. The same day CBET 5415 appeared announcing the discovery of the psi Fornacids by CAMS (Jenniskens, 2024), without IAU authorization. A separate CBET was published on July 16 with the Global Meteor Network discovery data for this new meteor shower (Šegon et al., 2024), correcting the discovery record.

Conclusion

A new meteor shower was noticed in Global Meteor Network orbit data on July 3–4, 2024 with meteors radiating from a geocentric radiant at α = 44.4° and δ = –38.2° in the constellation of Fornax. The discovery was made in a narrow observing window of 102.3° < λʘ < 103.14°. In the first instance 28 similar meteoroid orbits were found which fit the D-criterion DD < 0.06.

A few days later when all camera data got uploaded and processed, a new search resulted in 51 orbits detected within the interval of 100° < λʘ < 104° with a maximum at λʘ = 102.78°. These 51 orbits were obtained from 35 meteors in New Zealand caught on 100 cameras, 15 in Australia on 34 cameras and 1 in Brazil on 2 cameras. The Tisserand parameter relative to Jupiter, TJ = 0.3 corresponds to a Long Period-type comet (LPC) orbit, in this case retrograde orbit. Earlier orbit data from GMN in 2022 and 2023 had similar orbits with DD < 0.06 in the observing interval of 97.3° < λʘ < 105.1°.

The new meteor shower has been registered in the Working List of Meteor Showers of the IAU MDC with the preliminary designation M2024-N1, the name psi Fornacids has been proposed by Peter Jenniskens.

The Global Meteor Network methodology, theory and results have been published in Vida et al. (2019, 2020 and 2021).

Acknowledgment

The authors thank all the camera operators and people involved in the Global Meteor Network. Orbits for this shower analysis were obtained by GMN RMS cameras. The Global Meteor Network (GMN) data are released under the following license [1].

The Global Meteor Network results were obtained thanks to the efforts of the following volunteers: A. Campbell, Adam Mullins, Aden Walker, Adrian Bigland, Adriana Roggemans, Alain Marin, Alaistar Brickhill, Alan Beech, Alan Maunder, Alan Pevec, Alan Pickwick, Alan Decamps, Alan Cowie, Alan Kirby, Alastair Emerson, Aled Powell, Alejandro Barriuso, Aleksandar Merlak, Alex Bell, Alex Haislip, Alex Hodge, Alex Jeffery, Alex Kichev, Alex McConahay, Alex Pratt, Alex Roig, Alex Aitov, Alexander Wiedekind-Klein, Alexander Kasten, Alexandre Alves, Alfredo Dal’ Ava Júnior, Alison Scott, Amy Barron, Anatoly Ijon, Andre Rousseau, Andre Bruton, Andrea Storani, Andrei Marukhno, Andres Fernandez, Andrew Campbell-Laing, Andrew Challis, Andrew Cooper, Andrew Fiamingo, Andrew Heath, Andrew Moyle, Andrew Washington, Andrew Fulher, Andrew Robertson, Andy Stott, Andy Sapir, Andy Shanks, Ange Fox, Angel Sierra, Angélica López Olmos, Anna Johnston, Anoop Chemencherry, Ansgar Schmidt, Anthony Hopkinson, Anthony Pitt, Anthony Kesterton, Anton Macan, Anton Yanishevskiy, Antony Crowther, Anzhari Purnomo, Arie Blumenzweig, Arie Verveer, Arnaud Leroy, Arne Krueger, Attila Nemes, Barry Findley, Bart Dessoy, Bela Szomi Kralj, Ben Poulton, Bernard Côté, Bernard Hagen, Bev M. Ewen-Smith, Bill Cooke, Bill Wallace, Bill Witte, Bill Carr, Bill Thomas, Bill Kraimer, Bob Evans, Bob Greschke, Bob Hufnagel, Bob Marshall, Bob Massey, Bob Zarnke, Bob Guzik, Brenda Goodwill, Brendan Cooney, Brendon Reid, Brian Chapman, Brian Murphy, Brian Rowe, Brian Hochgurtel, Wyatt Hochgurtel, Brian Mitchell, Bruno Bonicontro, Bruno Casari, Callum Potter, Carl Elkins, Carl Mustoe, Carl Panter, Cesar Domingo Pardo, Charles Thody, Charlie McCormack, Chris Baddiley, Chris Blake, Chris Dakin, Chris George, Chris James, Chris Ramsay, Chris Reichelt, Chris Chad, Chris O’Neill, Chris White, Chris Jones, Chris Sale, Christian Wanlin, Christine Ord, Christof Zink, Christophe Demeautis, Christopher Coomber, Christopher Curtis, Christopher Tofts, Christopher Brooks, Chuck Goldsmith, Chuck Pullen, Ciaran Tangney, Claude Boivin, Claude Surprenant, Clive Sanders, Colin Graham, Colin Marshall, Colin Nichols, Con Stoitsis, Craig Young, Creina Beaman, Daknam Al-Ahmadi, Damien Lemay, Damien McNamara, Damir Matković, Damir Šegon, Damjan Nemarnik, Dan Klinglesmith, Dan Pye, Daniel Duarte, Daniel J. Grinkevich, Daniela Cardozo Mourão, Danijel Reponj, Danko Kočiš, Dario Zubović, Dave Jones, Dave Mowbray, Dave Newbury, Dave Smith, David Akerman, David Attreed, David Bailey, David Brash, David Castledine, David Hatton, David Leurquin, David Price, David Rankin, David Robinson, David Rollinson, David Strawford, David Taylor, David Rogers, David Banes, David Johnston, David Rees, David Cowan, David Greig, David Hickey, David Colthorpe, David Straer, David Harding, David Furneaux, Dean Moore, Debbie Godsiff, Denis Bergeron, Denis St-Gelais, Dennis Behan, Derek Poulton, Didier Walliang, Dimitris Georgoulas, Dino Čaljkušić, Dmitrii Rychkov, Dominique Guiot, Don Anderson, Don Hladiuk, Dorian Božičević, Dougal Matthews, Douglas Sloane, Douglas Stone, Dustin Rego, Dylan O’Donnell, Ed Breuer, Ed Harman, Edd Stone, Edgar Mendes Merizio, Edison José Felipe Pérezgómez Álvarez, Edson Valencia Morales, Eduardo Fernandez Del Peloso, Eduardo Lourenço, Edward Cooper, Ehud Behar, Eleanor Mayers, Emily Barraclough, Enrico Pettarin, Enrique Arce, Enrique Chávez Garcilazo, Eric Lopez, Eric Toops, Errol Balks, Erwin van Ballegoij, Erwin Harkink, Eugene Potapov, Ewan Richardson, Fabricio Borges, Fabricio Colvero, Fabrizio Guida, Ferenc-Levente Juhos, Fernando Dall’Igna, Fernando Jordan, Fernando Requena, Filip Matković, Filip Mezak, Filip Parag, Fiona Cole, Firuza Rahmat, Florent Benoit, Francis Rowsell, François Simard, Frank Lyter, Frantisek Bilek, Gabor Sule, Gaétan Laflamme, Gareth Brown, Gareth Lloyd, Gareth Oakey, Garry Dymond, Gary Parker, Gary Eason, Gavin Martin, Gene Mroz, Geoff Scott, Georges Attard, Georgi Momchilov, Germano Soru, Gilton Cavallini, Gordon Hudson, Graeme Hanigan, Graeme McKay, Graham Stevens, Graham Winstanley, Graham Henstridge, Graham Atkinson, Graham Palmer, Graham Cann, Greg Michael, Greg Parker, Gulchehra Kokhirova, Gustav Frisholm, Gustavo Silveira B. Carvalho, Guy Létourneau, Guy Williamson, Guy Lesser, Hamish Barker, Hamish McKinnon, Haris Jeffrey, Harri Kiiskinen, Hartmut Leiting, Heather Petelo, Henning Letmade, Heriton Rocha, Hervé Lamy, Herve Roche, Holger Pedersen, Horst Meyerdierks, Howard Edin, Hugo González, Iain Drea, Ian Enting Graham, Ian Lauwerys, Ian Parker, Ian Pass, Ian A. Smith, Ian Williams, Ian Hepworth, Ian Collins, Igor Duchaj, Igor Henrique, Igor Macuka, Igor Pavletić, Ilya Jankowsky, Ioannis Kedros, Ivan Gašparić, Ivan Sardelić, Ivica Ćiković, Ivica Skokić, Ivo Dijan, Ivo Silvestri, Jack Barrett, Jacques Masson, Jacques Walliang, Jacqui Thompson, James Davenport, James Farrar, James Scott, James Stanley, James Dawson, Jamie Allen, Jamie Cooper, Jamie McCulloch, Jamie Olver, Jamie Shepherd, Jan Hykel, Jan Wisniewski, Janis Russell, Janusz Powazki, Jasminko Mulaomerović, Jason Burns, Jason Charles, Jason Gill, Jason van Hattum, Jason Sanders, Javor Kac, Jay Shaffer, Jean Francois Larouche, Jean Vallieres, Jean Brunet, Jean-Baptiste Kikwaya, Jean-Fabien Barrois, Jean-Louis Naudin, Jean-Marie Jacquart, Jean-Paul Dumoulin, Jean-Philippe Barrilliot, Jeff Holmes, Jeff Huddle, Jeff Wood, Jeff Devries, Jeffrey Legg, Jenifer Millard, Jeremy Taylor, Jeremy Spink, Jesse Stayte, Jesse Lard, Jessica Richards, Jim Blackhurst, Jim Cheetham, Jim Critchley, Jim Fordice, Jim Gilbert, Jim Rowe, Jim Seargeant, Jim Fakatselis, João Mattei, Jochen Vollsted, Jocimar Justino, Joe Zender, John W. Briggs, John Drummond, John Hale, John Kmetz, John Maclean, John Savage, John Thurmond, John Tuckett, John Waller, John Wildridge, John Bailey, John Thompson, John Martin, Jon Bursey, Jonathan Alexis Valdez Aguilar, Jonathan Eames, Jonathan Mackey, Jonathan Whiting, Jonathan Wyatt, Jonathon Kambulow, Jorge Augusto Acosta Bermúdez, Jorge Oliveira, Jose Carballada, Jose Galindo Lopez, José María García, José-Luis Martín, Josip Belas, Josip Krpan, Jost Jahn, Juan Luis Muñoz, Julián Martínez, Jure Zakrajšek, Jürgen Dörr, Jürgen Ketterer, Justin Zani, Karen Smith, Karl Browne, Kath Johnston, Kees Habraken, Keith Maslin, Keith Biggin, Keith Christie, Kelvin Richards, Ken Jamrogowicz, Ken Lawson, Ken Gledhill, Ken Kirvan, Kevin Gibbs-Wragge, Kevin Morgan, Kevin Faure, Klaas Jobse, Korado Korlević, Kyle Francis, Lachlan Gilbert, Larry Groom, Laurent Brunetto, Laurie Stanton, Lawrence Saville, Lee Hill, Lee Brady, Leith Robertson, Len North, Les Rowe, Leslie Kaye, Lev Pustil’Nik, Lexie Wallace, Lisa Holstein, Llewellyn Cupido, Logan Carpenter, Lorna McCalman, Louw Ferreira, Lovro Pavletić, Lubomir Moravek, Luc Turbide, Lucia Dowling, Luciano Miguel Diniz, Ludger Börgerding, Luis Fabiano Fetter, Luis Santo, Maciej Reszelsk, Magda Wisniewska, Manel Colldecarrera, Marc Corretgé Gilart, Marcel Berger, Marcelo Domingues, Marcelo Zurita, Marcio Malacarne, Marco Verstraaten, Margareta Gumilar, Marián Harnádek, Mariusz Adamczyk, Mark Fairfax, Mark Gatehouse, Mark Haworth, Mark McIntyre, Mark Phillips, Mark Robbins, Mark Spink, Mark Suhovecky, Mark Williams, Mark Ward, Mark Bingham, Mark Fechter, Marko Šegon, Marshall Palmer, Marthinus Roos, Martin Breukers, Martin Richmond-Hardy, Martin Robinson, Martin Walker, Martin Woodward, Martin Connors, Martyn Andrews, Mary Waddingham, Mary Hope, Mason McCormack, Mat Allan, Matej Mihelčić, Matt Cheselka, Matthew Howarth, Matthew Finch, Max Schmid, Megan Gialluca, Mia Boothroyd, Michael Cook, Michael Mazur, Michael O’Connell, Michael Krocil, Michael Camilleri, Michael Kennedy, Michael Lowe, Michael Atkinson, Michał Warchoł, Michel Saint-Laurent, Miguel Diaz Angel, Miguel Preciado, Mike Breimann, Mike Hutchings, Mike Read, Mike Shaw, Mike Ball, Mike Youmans, Milan Kalina, Milen Nankov, Miles Eddowes, Minesh Patel, Miranda Clare, Mirjana Malarić, Muhammad Luqmanul Hakim Muharam, Murray Forbes, Murray Singleton, Murray Thompson, Myron Valenta, Nalayini Brito, Nawaz Mahomed, Ned Smith, Nedeljko Mandić, Neil Graham, Neil Papworth, Neil Waters, Neil Petersen, Nelson Moreira, Neville Vann, Nial Bruce, Nicholas Hill, Nicholas Ruffier, Nick Howarth, Nick James, Nick Moskovitz, Nick Norman, Nick Primavesi, Nick Quinn, Nick Russel, Nick Powell, Nick Wiffen, Nicola Masseroni, Nigel Bubb, Nigel Evans, Nigel Owen, Nigel Harris, Nigen Harris, Nikola Gotovac, Nikolay Gusev, Nikos Sioulas, Noah Simmonds, Norman Izsett, Ollie Eisman, Pablo Canedo, Pablo Domingo Escat, Paraksh Vankawala, Pat Devine, Patrick Franks, Patrick Poitevin, Patrick Geoffroy, Patrick Onesty, Patrik Kukić, Paul Cox, Paul Dickinson, Paul Haworth, Paul Heelis, Paul Kavanagh, Paul Ludick, Paul Prouse, Paul Pugh, Paul Roche, Paul Roggemans, Paul Stewart, Paul Huges, Paul Breck, Pedro Augusto de Jesus Castro, Penko Yordanov, Pete Graham, Pete Lynch, Peter G. Brown, Peter Campbell-Burns, Peter Davis, Peter Eschman, Peter Gural, Peter Hallett, Peter Jaquiery, Peter Kent, Peter Lee, Peter McKellar, Peter Meadows, Peter Stewart, Peter Triffitt, Peter Leigh, Peter Felhofer, Pető Zsolt, Phil James, Philip Gladstone, Philip Norton, Philippe Schaak, Phillip Wilhelm Maximilian Grammerstorf, Phillips Academy Andover, Pierre Gamache, Pierre de Ponthière, Pierre-Michael Micaletti, Pierre-Yves Pechart, Pieter Dijkema, Predrag Vukovic, Przemek Nagański, Radim Stano, Rajko Sušanj, Raju Aryal, Ralph Brady, Raoul van Eijndhoven, Raul Truta, Raul Elias-Drago, Raymond Shaw, Rebecca Starkey, Reinhard Kühn, Remi Lacasse, Renato Cássio Poltronieri, René Tardif, Richard Abraham, Richard Bassom, Richard Croy, Richard Davis, Richard Fleet, Richard Hayler, Richard Johnston, Richard Kacerek, Richard Payne, Richard Stevenson, Richard Severn, Rick Fischer, Rick Hewett, Rick James, Ricky Bassom, Rob Agar, Rob de Corday Long, Rob Saunders, Rob Smeenk, Robert Longbottom, Robert McCoy, Robert Saint-Jean, Robert D. Steele, Robert Veronneau, Robert Peledie, Robert Haas, Robin Boivin, Robin Earl, Robin Rowe, Roel Gloudemans, Roger Banks, Roger Morin, Roger Conway, Roland Idaczyk, Rolf Carstens, Roman Moryachkov, Romke Schievink, Romulo Jose, Ron James Jr, Ronal Kunkel, Roslina Hussain, Ross Skilton, Ross Dickie, Ross Welch, Russell Jackson, Russell Brunton, Ryan Frazer, Ryan Harper, Ryan Kinnett, Salvador Aguirre, Sam Green, Sam Hemmelgarn, Sam Leaske, Sarah Tonorio, Scott Kaufmann, Sebastian Klier, Seppe Canonaco, Seraphin Feller, Serge Bergeron, Sergio Mazzi, Sevo Nikolov, Simon Cooke-Willis, Simon Holbeche, Simon Maidment, Simon McMillan, Simon Minnican, Simon Parsons, Simon Saunders, Simon Fidler, Simon Oosterman, Simon Peterson, Simon lewis, Simon Lewis, Sofia Ulrich, Srivishal Sudharsan, Stacey Downton, Stan Nelson, Stanislav Korotkiy, Stanislav Tkachenko, Stef Vancampenhout, Stefan Frei, Stephane Zanoni, Stephen Grimes, Stephen Nattrass, Steve Berry, Steve Bosley, Steve Carter, Steve Dearden, Steve Homer, Steve Kaufman, Steve Lamb, Steve Rau, Steve Tonkin, Steve Trone, Steve Welch, Steve Wyn-Harris, Steve Matheson, Steven Shanks, Steven Tilley, Stewart Doyle, Stewart Ball, Stuart Brett, Stuart Land, Stuart McAndrew, Sue Baker Wilson, Sylvain Cadieux, Tammo Jan Dijkema, Terry Pundiak, Terry Richardson, Terry Simmich, Terry Young, Theodor Feldbaumer, Thiago Paes, Thilo Mies, Thomas Blog, Thomas Schmiereck, Thomas Stevenson, Thomas Duff, Tihomir Jakopčić, Tim Burgess, Tim Claydon, Tim Cooper, Tim Gloudemans, Tim Havens, Tim Polfliet, Tim Frye, Tioga Gulon, Tobias Westphal, Tom Warner, Tom Bell, Tommy McEwan, Tommy B. Nielsen, Torcuill Torrance, Tosh White, Tracey Snelus, Travis Shao, Trevor Clifton, Ubiratan Borges, Urs Wirthmueller, Uwe Glässner, Vasilii Savtchenko, Ventsislav Bodakov, Victor Acciari, Viktor Toth, Vincent McDermott, Vitor Jose Pereira, Vladimir Jovanović, Waily Harim, Warley Souza, Warwick Latham, Washington Oliveira, Wenceslao Trujillo, William Perkin, William Schauff, William Stewart, William Harvey, William Hernandez, Wullie Mitchell, Yakov Tchenak, Yanislav Ivanov, Yfore Scott, Yohsuke Akamatsu, Yong-Ik Byun, Yozhi Nasvadi, Yuri Stepanychev, Zach Steele, Zané Smit, Zbigniew Krzeminski, Željko Andreić, Zhuoyang Chen, Zoran Dragić, Zoran Knez, Zoran Novak, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Asociación de Astronomía de Marina Alta, Costa Blanca Astronomical Society, Perth Observatory Volunteer Group, Royal Astronomical Society of Canada Calgary Centre. [List compiled July 21, 2024]

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